前元音:[i:] [ɪ] [e] [æ]
中元音:[ɜ:] [ə]
后元音:[ɑ:] [ɒ] [ɔ:] [u:] [ʊ] [ʌ]
双元音(8个)
合口双元音[ai] [ei] [au] [əu] [ɔi]
集中双元音[iə] [εə] [uə]
一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变 y 为 i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries
以“f 或 fe”结尾,变 f 或 fe 为 v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives
不规则名词复数:
man-men,
woman-women,
policeman-policemen,
policewoman-policewomen,
mouse-mice
child-children,
foot-feet,
tooth-teeth,
fish-fish,
people-people,
Chinese-Chinese,
Japanese-Japanese
不可数名词的复数就是原形:
paper,juice, water, milk, rice, tea
(1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格:
a) 单数后加 s 如: Lucy s ruler, my father s shirt
b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’ 如: his friends bags
c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 s children s shoes
并列名词中,如果把 s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有, 如:
Tom and Mike s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车
要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加 s, 如:
Tom s and Mike s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车
(2) 表示无生命东西的名词通常用“of +名词”来表示所有关系:
如: a picture of the classroom a map of China
特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk.
复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.
谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys aren t at school.
在序数词前:John s birthday is February the second.
用于固定词组中:in the morning / afternoon / evening
专有名词前:China is a big country.
名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:
This is my baseball.
复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys can t swim. They are teachers.
在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day. It s Sunday.
一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.
球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.
* 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.
学科名称前:My favorite subject is music.
在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.
固定词组中:at noon at night by bus
一般在词尾加er ;
以字母e 结尾,加r ;
以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ;
以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把y变i,再加er 。
⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后
⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后
at (on) the weekend在周末---特指
at (on) weekends在周末---泛指
over the weekend在整个周末
during the weekend在周末期间
(2)在圣诞节,应说 at Christmas? 而不说 on Christmas?
1. be动词:主语+be (am, is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。
2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:We study English. 我们学习英语。
1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks
2.以s. x. sh. ch. o 结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes
3.以“辅音字母+y 结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies
① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited
② 以e结尾的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used
③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改 y 为 i 再加 ed (此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是辅音字母加 y ,所以不属于此类)
④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped
①be going to + do;
②will+ do. be going to = will
① 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating
② 以e 结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing,如having , writing
③ 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting
I m a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.
There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.
I m not a student. She is not (isn t) a doctor.
He does not (doesn t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren t) four fans in our classroom.
He will not (won t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn t) watch TV yesterday evening.
1、There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人)
2、在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词决定。
3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把 be 动词调到句首。
4、there be 句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人); have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。
5、some 和 any 在 there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。
6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。
7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:
How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?
How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?
8、针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:
What s + 介词短语?