1.对话预测:在听取对话,尤其是Part1-5——Short Conversation时,考生可以按照下例wh-问题进行预测:1)Who are the two speakers?2)What is the possible Relationships between them?3)When did they have the conversation?4)Where did the conversation take place?5)Why do they have the conversation?6)What did they plan to do?
2.语篇预测:了解讲话者已提供和未提供的信息1)What facts did the speaker offer?2)What facts did the speaker fail to offer?
3.依靠开篇句预测:英语听力的第一句话通常会透露整篇的主题,所以大家要善于抓住听力材料的首句信息。例如:Americans have a popular saying “Time is money。”从这一句开篇句我们可以预测的信息范围:1)这是一篇关于时间的话题。2)涉及对象是美国人。
What’s the passage mainly about?What’s the topic of the passage?What are the two speakers doing?What are the two speakers talking about?What is the dialogue/conversation about?
Where is the woman going?How does the man pay for the tickets?What’s wrong with the girl?When does the woman plan to arrive?What’s the man’s house number?How many hours does Tom sleep a day?Why does the man thank the woman?Which of the following is true?
Where does this conversation take place?Where is the woman speaking?Where did the conversation most likely happen?When does the dialogue take place?Who do you think the woman probably is?What’s the probable relationship between the speakers?
4.领会弦外之音,揣摩观点意图
这类试题在高中听力试题中约占5小题,它要求我们从话语中听出其中可能有的“弦外之音”,也就是揣摩说话人的意图、观点或态度等,常见的提问方式有:What can we learn from the conversation/speakers?What can we know /learn about the woman?What does the man mean?What does the speakers want to tell us?What is the probable result of the conversation?
这类题在设题时常会用到title, subject, main idea, topic, theme等词。
1.归纳标题题
特点:短小精悍,一般多为一个短语;涵盖性强,一般能覆盖全文意思;精确性强,表达范围要恰当,不能随意改变语意程度或色彩。常见命题形式有:What’s the best title for the text? The best title for this passage is ___. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
2. 概括大意题
包括寻找段落大意(topic)和文章中心思想(main idea),常见命题形式有: What is the general/main idea of the passage?Which of the following expresses the main idea?What is the subject discussed in the text? BThe writer of the story wants to tell us that_____. The passage/ text is mainly about_____. What’s the article mainly about ?
位于段首:一般而言,以演绎法撰写的文章,主题句往往在文章的开头,即先点出主题,然后围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。判断第一句是否为主题句,可具体分析段落的首句与第二,三句的关系;如果从第二句就开始对第一句进行说明,论述或描述,那第一句就是主题句。有些段落,在主题句后面有明显引出细节的信号词,如for example, an example of; first, second, next, last, finally; to begin with, also, besides; one, the other; some, others等。在阅读中应尽量利用上述信号词来确定主题句的位置。
位于段尾:有些文章会在开头列举事实, 然后通过论证阐述作者的核心论点。因此,如果第一句话不是概括性的或综合性的话,最好快速读一读段落的最后一个句子,看看它是否具备主题句的特征。如果它具备主題句的特征,段落的主题思想就很容易确定了。一般说来,当一种观点不易向人解释清楚或不易被人接受时,主题句便会到段落的末尾才出现。学生可以充分利用引出结论的信号词。如so,therefore,thus,consequently;in conclusion,in short;in a word, to sum up等来确定主题句的位置在段尾。当无明显的此类信号时,学生可在段落的最后一句话前面添加一个引出结论的信号词,以确定其是否是主题句。
分为直接理解题和间接理解题,前者常用who, what, which, when, where, why和how提问,或判断正误;后者需与原文信息转换,表达上与原文有差异。常见命题形式有: What can we learn from the passage? All the following are mentioned except Which of the following is mentioned (not mentioned)? Which of the following statements is true/right/false/wrong about…?
2. 排列顺序题→首尾定位法(找出第一个事件和最后一个事件,用排除法缩小范围)
常出现在记叙文和说明文中,一般按事件发生的顺序。常见命题形式有: Which of the following is the correct order of…? Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph…?
一般可根据短文提供的信息或借助生活常识进行推理判断,常见命题形式有: It can be inferred/ concluded from the text that __________. The author implies/ suggests that_____. We may infer that _________. Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?
2.预测推理判断题
根据语篇对文章接下来的内容或可能的结局进行猜测,常见命题形式有:What do you think will happen if/when…? At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write_____
3.推测文章来源或读者对象
常见命题形式有: The passage is probably take out of_____The passage would most likely be found in_____Where does this text probably come from?
常见命题形式有: The purpose of the text is_____What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? By mentioning…, the author aims to show that_____What is the author’s attitude towards…? What is the author’s opinion on…? The author’s tone in this passage is _____.
③判断某个代词的指代的对象。常见命题形式有: The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _____. The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to______. The word “…”(Line 6. para.2)probably means ______. The word “…”(Line 6. para.2)could best be replaced by which of the following? Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “…” ?
解答技巧
1.通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词
首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course,therefore等等)表示前因后果。
例如:You shouldn't have blamed him for that,for it wasn't his fault. 通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。
2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词,一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and gay,即使我们不认识gay这个词,也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词,如Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词,但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。
通过反义词猜词,一是看表转折关系的连词或副词,如but,while,however等;二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语,如:He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
3.通过构词法猜词
根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词词义。如:She is unlikely to have stolen the money. ( “un”含否定意义,故为“不太可能”之意。)
4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如:But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time. Then there is a dry period,or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought,由此可见drought意思为"久旱","旱灾"。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折号等来表示。
5.通过句法功能来推测词义
例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同类关系,同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子。
6.通过描述猜词
描述即作者对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如:The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
7. 根据常识猜词
如:The door was so low that he hit his head on the lintel.(lintel “过梁”。) Afraid of waking the baby up, she tiptoed out of the room.(tiptoed “踮着脚走,蹑手蹑脚”)
承接关系(如 so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result 等)
平列关系(如first, second, third…; firstly, secondly, thirdly…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the second place…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude 等)。如文中的选项 71,由 Second、Third 得知应选表示平列关系的句子 G.项。
转折关系(如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever,whatever on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, otherwise 等)。比如选项 75,与前句构成了转折关系,故应选 D 项答案。
层递关系(如 also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither,not…but…, not only…but also 等)。如 72 选项,与前句组合为层递关系,故应选包含 also 的 E.项句子。
【例题】He had spent those years well,graduating from college, completing two internships(实习) in Washington, D.C, and ____, becoming a technical assistant in Sacramento. A. hopefully B. finallyC. particularly D. certainly
【例题】Telling him that he no longer needed to enjoy them but I still needed to write them, I ____ until the day he graduated. A. held up B. gave upC. followed D. continued
【例题】When it was 5:00pm, I was ready to go home. I was about to turn off my computer ____ I received an email from Garth, my Director. A. while B. whenC. where D. after
【解析】这里when的意思是just at the moment, 与前面的when意思不一样,A项的while无此意,D项的after不符合行为交互逻辑,C项完全是错误的。所以选B。
名词的形式变化主要有单数、复数、所有格的变化。例:There are many students living at school,the(child) houses are all far from schoo1.由students一词可以判断出横线处应填复数,且作为houses的定语,所以应用其所有格形式,故答案为child的复合变化形式—— 复数的所有格children’s。
技巧二:动词形式变化。
动词的形式变化比较多,有谓语的变化(时态、语态、语气),有非谓语的变化(不定式、动名词、现在分词、从前分词)。例:A talk(give) tomorrow is written by Professor Zhang.句中的is written是整句的谓语,所以横线所在的动词应当用作非谓语。从tomorrow可以看出,报告是“未来”作的,故用不定式;且报告是give动作的承受者,故可以判断出横线所在处用give的不定式被动式——to be given。
例:To my three sons I leave my seventeen horses.My eldest son shall take a half,my second son shall take a (three).从上下文持续起来懂得,这是一个分马的方案,大儿子分得a half,也就是“一半”或“二分之一”,那么二儿子应该得“三分之一”,所以要填入作分母的序数词“third”才干命中目标。
My favorite sport is football. I was a member of our football team. 全文都是用的一般现在时,此句中的was显然与上下文语境不符,应改为am。
2、查看主谓是否一致。Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them. cost应改为costs,因其主语是it(为形式主语),且上下文均为一般现在时。
3、查指代是否一致。The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.句中的主语the Smiths表的是Smith一家人,因此指示代词his应改为their。
4、查平行结构是否平行一致。由and, or, but, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also..., as well as等并列连词和词组连接的结构可称为平行结构。
It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home. 句中的drove显然与and前面的to meet不平行,应改为drive。
5、查名词的单复数与修饰词语或上下文是否一致。We study quite a few subject, such as Maths, Chinese... quite a few 只能修饰复数名词,故subject应改为subjects。
6、查行文逻辑是否一致。Most people can quickly get help from a doctor or go to a hospital since they are ill.根据行文逻辑,这里不应该由since来引导原因状语从句,而应该是when / whenever或if来引导时间或条件状语从句。
forefather 祖先:ancestor;predecessor.difference 不同:gap 沟;distinction;schism.crime 犯罪:delinquency;criminal act 犯罪行为。environment 环境:circumstance 相当抽象的词,情况;surrounding 表示周围居住环境,相当具体,nearby可与之互换;atmosphere、ambience这两个词可替换,但是当atmosphere表示大气层时则不能。pollution 污染:contamination.human 人类:individual;men;ones以及一切表示工人、农民工、公务员等等的词。humanity:特别指出,用来表示人性。其他一概不要用。in modern society 在当今社会:in contemporary society;in this day and age.
4.巧用连词改长句
高中作文中如果长句的连词应用得当,会成为加分的亮点。常用的连词有以下几个:表递进关系:furthermore, what is more表转折:however/but 但是表对比:not that …but that…不是…而是…/ one hand….on the other hand一方面…另一 方面…/ unlike…与…不同/not so much….as…与其…不如…表目的:for the………为了…表因果:therefore因此,所有/ so 所以表例证:for example表假设:if 如果表让步:although…虽然……(注意:后不可接but!虽然但是不可这样连用)/of course 当然…/clearly…显然…相关的过渡语常见的有以下几种:表示时间顺序:first, then, afterwards, meanwhile, later,first of all, finally, at last…表示空间顺序:near, next to, far from, in front of, on the left, on one side…表示比较、对照:like, unlike, such as, but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, nevertheless, otherwise…表示因果关系:because, for, as a result, therefore, thus…表示递进关系:besides, what’s more, what was worse, moreover, furthermore, in addition, on top of…表示并列关系:and, as well as, also…表示总结性:in general, in a word, in short, on the whole, to sum up, in brief, to conclude
5.巧妙变换句式
例如:I think that...... 宾语从句,是大家最常使用的句式。如果变换成另一种句式I have a thought that......同位语从句,立刻让人眼前一亮,为作文平添光彩。还比如:I hear that也是很多同学常用的句式。如果换成It is reported that...... 或者There is a piece of news that 同样的意思,却明显体现出了大家知识运用的差距。后者明显分数会更高!